Walking Meditation

Posted by Doly | 2:09 PM | | 0 comments »

Overview

- The walking meditation is one of the most versatile forms of developing focus, in that it can be practiced almost anywhere!
- Remember that this meditation is intended to bring you to the present moment. You want to remain in the here and now as long as possible.
- If you find your mind drifting onto other matters in your life, simply bring your attention back to your body. Just pick up where you left off.
- The walking meditation method is best practiced after reading the procedure once or twice. Let the process become familiar before you attempt the meditation.

The Method
  1.  Stand on the spot, and be aware of your weight being transferred through the soles of your feet into the ground. Be aware of all of the delicate movements that go on in order to keep us balanced and upright. We often take this for granted.
  2. Start walking at a normal pace. Try not to change the way you walk, simply be aware of the way you walk. Your body may do a funny wobble as soon as you become aware of yourself. Don’t worry, that’s a natural effect.
  3.  When beginning your session, keep in attention in the soles of your feet, being aware of the constant patterns of landing and lifting off. Be aware of your foot as the heel first makes contact, your foot then rolls forward onto the front (the ball), and then lifts and travels through the air again. Visualize your feet going through this pattern as you walk.
  4. Try to be aware of all the different sensations in your feet, not just a contact in the soles of your feet but the connection between the toes, the sensation of the inside of your shoes, and the fabric of your socks.
  5.  Let your feet be as relaxed as you can. Become aware of your ankles. Notice the elements your joints. Let your ankle joints be relaxed-try not to resist your ankles in any way. Can you become aware of your lower legs, shins, and calves?
  6.  Try to be aware of their contact with your clothing, the temperature on your skin; and the muscles. Detect what the calf muscles are doing. Persuade your calf muscles to be calm.
  7. Expand your awareness into your thighs, feel your skin, your clothing, the temperature. Be aware of the front and rear thigh muscles and don’t forget about the inners. You can be aware of the whole of your pelvis - and notice all of the movements that are going on your pelvis. One side of the hip moves forward and then the other; one hip lifting, the other sinking.
  8.  What temperature is your stomach? Make a mental note that your stomach is the center of your body, and its pretty central when you walk.
  9.  Notice your chest, and just let your breathing occur. Notice the connection that your chest makes with your clothing.
  10.  Notice your shoulders. Try to see how they are moving with your rhythm. They move opposite to your hips. Have your arms simply hanging by your sides and swinging naturally.
  11.  Notice all the wonderful motions in your arms, what are your upper arms doing. That means your elbows, forearms, wrists, and hands. My favorite is feeling the air flowing over the skin of your hands and fingers as your arms swing through the open sky.
  12.  Become aware of your neck - and the muscles supporting your skull. It doesn’t hurt to notice the angle of your head.
  13. . This next one is big. Relax your jaw. Relax your eyes and just let your eyes be softly focused, varying how far you look ahead. Look directly in front then scan ahead until you hit the skyline. Remember; don’t bother yourself with focusing on anything that's speeding past you.
  14.  Lastly, come to a natural stop and just experience yourself standing. Just notice what it's like to no longer be mobile. Notice once more the multifaceted balancing act that's going on to keep you upright. Feeling once again, the weight traveling down through the soles of your feet into the earth; simply standing, and experiencing yourself.
- I hope you enjoy the walking meditation!

Major Scale
Major and minor scales contain each letter name in order, until the starting note is reached again at the top. We call this starting note the tonic, and name the scale after it.


Major scales have diatonic half steps between the 3rd and 4th notes and the 7th and 8th (or 1st) notes of the scale. All of the other steps are whole steps. 

 
 Minor Scale
Natural minor scales have diatonic half steps between the 2nd and 3rd notes and the 5th and 6th notes of the scale. All of the other steps are whole steps. 
  
Others Minor Scales
Harmonic minor scales are the same as natural minor scales, except the 7th note is raised by a chromatic half step. (Raising this note results in an interval of three half steps between the 6th and 7th notes of the scale.)
 

Ascending melodic minor scales go one step further and raise the sixth and seventh notes by a chromatic half step. 




Note: Descending melodic minor scales are identical to natural minor scales; the sixth and seventh notes are raised only in the ascending form of the scale!

The Classical Period

Posted by Doly | 12:36 PM | | 0 comments »

      As implied by the term 'classical', the music of this period looked to the art and philosophy of Ancient Greece and Rome - to the ideals of balance, proportion and disciplined expression. The late Baroque style was polyphonically complex and ornamental and rich in tis melodies. Composers of the Classical era deviated from the evolution of their predecessors - their music had a considerably simpler texture. It's a bit of an irony that two of J.S. Bach's children, Carl Philipp Emanuel (C.P.E.) a Johann Christian (J.C.), belonged among the leaders of the new Classical movement. Their father was the greatest figure in the Baroque style and thanks to the new era of his children, he became old-fashioned.
      Homophony - music where the melody and accompaniment are clearly distinct - was the main style during the classical era; new genres were discovered that completed the transformation from the Baroque era to the Classical. The sonata was the most important of these, as well as the most developed. Although Baroque composers also wrote sonatas, the Classical style of sonata is completely distinct. The foundation of the Classical sonatas is conflict - for instance between two themes of contrasting character. The contrast during the performance of the sonata increases, until it is finally "resolved." The sonata allowed composers to give solely instrumental pieces a dramatic character. All of the main instrumental forms of the Classical era, the quartet, symphony,and concerto, were based on the dramatic structure of the sonata.
      One of the most important "evolutionary steps" made in the Classical period was the development of public concerts. Although the aristocracy would still play asignificant sponsoring role in musical life, it was now possible for composers to survive without being the permanent employee of some noble or his family. It also meant that concerts weren't limited to the salons and celebrations of aristocratic palaces. The increasing popularity of public concerts led to a growth in the popularity of the orchestra as well, to the enlargement in the number of musicians and the number of orchestras overall. Although chamber music was still performed, the expansion of orchestral concerts necessitated large public spaces. As a result of all these processes, symphonic music (including opera and oratoria) became more extroverted in character.

Important Composers
Carl Philipp Emanuel (C.P.E.) Bach 1714 - 1788
Christoph Willibald Gluck 1714 - 1787
Johann Christian (J.C.) Bach 1735 - 1782
Franz Joseph Haydn 1732 - 1809
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 1756 - 1791
Ludwig van Beethoven 1770 - 1827

Czech Music of the Classical Period
      In the 18th century, the basic European tedencies of social and musical evolution were imbued with characteristic features of Czech popular music tradition. Because of this, Czech music was able to significantly emerge into general Europen context during this period. An important moment in the progress of the 'musicality' of the Czech people was the simple fact that musical talent and education brought considerable material advantages. The livery, or service, of a manorial footman or gamekeeper was relieved of his labors and dangerous military service. A good musician in service could hope that after some period he might be set free from servitude.
      The most important creative figure of Czech Classicism in the country was Frantisek Xaver Brixi (1732 - 1771). In 1744, he was sent to a famous piano school in Kosmonose, after which he met with success in Prague churches as an organist and composer. In 1759, he was entrusted with the most significant musical position in the country, as he became the 27-year-old conductor of the metropolitan Cathedral of St. Vitus at Hradcany. He succeeded to become the most played Czech composer of the 18th century. Although homophonic structure dominates his work, he remarkably mastered polyphonic composition as well and even though he didn't live to see 40 years of age, he left an extensive collection of work, now estimated at around 500 titles. In his work, there is a natural predominance of church pieces; large oratorial compositions like Filius prodigus, Opus patheticum de septem doloribus and Judas Iscariothes. Unfortunate circumstances kept him from making a name for himself as an author of instrumental music; pieces for harpsichord and organ, including a Symphony in D Major, were among the last things he produced.
      An honorable place in domestic output is held the pupils of Seger. The most respected of them was Jan Antonin Kozeluh (1738 - 1814) from Velvary. He also studied in Vienna and was the conductor in St. Vitus cathedral for 30 years; his work includes both church and concert works. As the only Czech author of his time, he also composed serious Italian opera: Allesandro nell' Indie was performed in 1769 and Demofoonte in 1772. He was the organist at the Strahov monastery foralmost 40 years.Czech musicians have long left the ccountry for foreign lands. In the 18th century, especially in the second half, this emigration reached an unprecedented intensity. This western flow of emigration most affected the development of the Mannheim Company under the leadership of Jan Vaclav Antonin Stamic (1717 - 1757) the most. Stamic came to the Czech lands before the year 1730 from Maribor in present-day Slovenia, where he was born as the son of an organist, merchant andalderman, to study at a Jesuit school in Jihlava. From the age of 24 he was a violinist in the Mannheim group, and from 1750 he was its concert master.
      In Italy, where only the most exceptional foreign musicians could gain a foothold, the most successful was Josef Myslivecek (1737 - 1781). The son of a Prague miller, he was trained in his father's trade before being turned over for the study of music with Fr. Habermann and Josef Seger. In 1763 he left the country to perfect his musical talents with Venetian master, G.B. Pescetti, and in 1767, with the Neapolitan premiere of his opera Bellerofonte, he joined the ranks of the most successful authors of Italian opera seria. Even in other genres, such as symphonies, concertos, sonatas, etc., he developed an uncommonly rich creative activity. He maintained contact with his homeland and several of his operas and oratorios were performed in Prague. He was known by the sobriquet Il Boemo (the Bohemian) in Italy and died of a prolonged illness in Rome.

Important Authors
Frantisek Xaver Brixi 1732 - 1771
Jan Antonin Kozeluh 1738 - 1814
Jan Vaclav Antonin Stamic 1717 - 1757
Josef Myslivecek 1737 - 1781
Jan Krtitel Krumpholz 1742 - 1790
Pavel Vranicky 1756 - 1808
Gottfried Rieger 1764 - 1855
Jakub Jan Ryba 1765 - 1815

by: Fillamenta

its Beautiful if each time to start activity in the morning can early with pleasure and blithe. But don't like, see the traffic jam and shadow of deadline have made You lazy to welcome the morrow day.
Did You know, way of You start the day can influence entire/all Your day? If You feel saturated and wish once in a while go to the office at the same time croon blithe, possible the way of following can assist You!
Listen to the Music
Music therapy have been recognized can lessen the stress and have positive effect to health. Expert needn't to be able to get this music therapy. Enough listen the favorite music from mp3 player or ipod. Music will give the positive energi and psychological calmness. Music also can support the healthy life style. just For example, calm music push You to do meditate, yoga. or Music which is little beat can stimulation you to do sport.
Take a bath with the hot water
Take a bath with the hot water make the muscle relaks, and You can do a little movement streching so that body is not stiff. Streching can weaken the tense muscle and enable You to start the day more relaks and calm. Of course, if feeling peace, You ready to overcome the incoming problem today.
Breakfast
Breakfast is the most important meal of the day. healthy breakfast can improve the sugar rate in blood and give the strength You to face the day in physical and bounce. Without breakfast, You'D weaken and less can have concentration. So make sure Your breakfast is consisted of protein and fruit.
Writing journal or blog
Writing journal or blog own a lot of benefit for health and management stress. Writing down event which You experience of every day can improve the x'self quality, because its assisting You tobe more focus,manage emotion and assist You to overcome the problem in front of you.
Drink a cup of green tea
Drink a cup of tea heat especially obstetrical rich green tea with antioksidan, will make You feel fresher. This matter caused because antioksidan take care of the body cell so that always healthy.
Walk in the morning
Activity walke in the morning own a lot of benefit. Besides making body remain to be hale, take the air the morning that make You ready for facing day, sleep more well-sleep, and at one blow assist to degrade the Your storey;level stress. If You feel the weight to take the air in the morning alone, invite Your couple or Your concubine animal.

      If the eras of musical evolution were to be compared to the eras of evolution in architecture, then the Middle Ages would be symbolized by the Notre Dame cathedral in Paris, the Renaissance by a Florentine building, and the Baroque by Louis XIV's palace at Versailles. Baroque music is very rich and textured, especially in comparison with the music that came before it.
      At the beginnign of the Baroque age, around the year 1600, a new musical form was developed - opera. This form combined poetry, theater, the visual arts, and music. It arose as a result of the efforts of a group of Italian intellectuals in Greeks, in which music played a key role. The first big opera was Orfeo, by laudio onteverdi, and it was first performed publicly in 1607. The ability of music to express human emotion and tp depict natural phenomena was truly discovered in the Boroque period. Vivaldi's The Four Seasons is the most well-known example of this.
      Although imitational polyphony remained very substantial, homophony became more and more important. Homophonic music advanced a clear difference between themelodic line and the secondary accompanying parts. This style was very important in opera and in solo vocal music, where it helped listeners to locate the expressive melody of the vocal part.
      The style of homophony became more widespread in instrumental music as well. Many baroque pieces contain a continuo part, in which the keyboard (a harpsichord or organ) and the bass instruments produce a harmonic point, which accompanies the melodic line or lines. New polyphonic forms were devised, and just as during the
      Renaissance there was an art of the counterapoint that was an essential skill for every baroque composer. Canons and fugues, two very strict forms of imitational polyphony, were extremely popular. It was even commonly expected of a composer of the period to be able to improvise a fugue anytime on the spot, if he wanted to beconsidered a real composer.
      The orchestra was another creation to arrive at the beginning of the Baroque era, evolving from the accompaniment to opera and vocal arrangements. The most popular baroque musical genre was the concerto, in which solo musicians (or small groups of soloists) played "in concert" with an orchestra, which brought about interesting contrasts in dynamic and melody. Many musical composers were also virtuoso musicians. For example, Archangelo Corelli was known for his ability on the violin and Johann Sebastian Bach was famous in his day for his ability on the organ.
Important Composers
Claudio Monteverdi 1567 - 1643
Heinrich Schütz 1585 - 1672
Arcangelo Corelli 1653 - 1713
Henry Purcell 1659 - 1695
Francois Couperin 1668 - 1733
Antonio Vivaldi 1678 - 1741
Georg Philipp Telemann 1681 - 1767
Jean-Philippe Rameau 1683 - 1764
Johann Sebastian Bach 1685 - 1750
George Friedrich Händel 1685 - 1759
Domenico Scarlatti 1685 - 1757
Czech Music in the Baroque Era
      The Imperial Ensemble relocated during the reign of Matthias to Vienna and came to the Czech lands only for large court celebrations. The new focus of Czech music in the latter half of the 17th century became the nobles' ensembles. Especially noteworthy were two groups - the groups of the Bishops of Olomouc are lLichtenstein Kastelkorn (1664 - 1695) and Schrattenbach (1711 - 1738). Both of these groups originated in Kromeriz and Olomouc. Secular music also grew in popularity in the monasteries, as numerous documents surviving from the Cistercian monastery inOsek u Duchova can attest. Opera came to Bohemia for the first time in the year 1627 during the coronation of Ferdinand II, and from then on was repeatedly performed on tours of the sovereign's home.
      In Prague and Brno atthe start of the 18th century, there were numerous staggiony of Italian opera companies; none of them, however, succeeded in establishing themselves here permanently. The decisive turning point came at the coronation of Charles IV in 1723, when Fux's opera Constanza e fortezza (Constancy and Fortitude) was performed with an unusaully showy and beautiful staging, attended by the foremost musicians in all of Europe. As a result of this opera, Count Sporck summoned the opera company Ant. Denzia to his court at Kuks u Jaromere in 1724 and entrusted it with the management of opera in his Prague theater.
      The most identifiable of the personalities of early Czech baroque is thecomposer , organist and poet from Jindrichuv Hradec, Adam Michna z Otradovic (1600- 1676). With his creative energy, he took a significant place in the musical production of the time. In two collections, entitled Ceska marianska muzyka (1647) (Czech music of the Holy Virgin) and Svatorocni muzyka (1661) (Holy year music), he published four-part and five-part spiritual songs, frequently taken from popular tradition. Several of Michna's songs were used by later publishers of hymn books, and his song Chtic, aby spal (Desire to sleep) is still sung today. Somewhat more artistic, Loutna ceska (1653), (Czech lute) was a collection of spiritual compositions for two sopranos accompanied by two or three violas and bass.
      The top figures of Czech baroque are undoubtedly Zelenka and Cernohorsky. Jan Dismas Zelenka (1679 - 1745) came from Lounovice pod Blanikem, and studied music in Vienna and Italy. In his melodic inventiveness, especially in rhythm, are recognizable features of Czech music, which considerably separated him from his Italian and German contemporaries. His distinctive melodiousness brought Zelenka to an accomplished mastery, in which he applied a beautiful contrapuntal technique and a freely expanded melody, articulated in the closed form da capo. Zelenka's compositional abilities were praised even during his lifetime by contemporaries such as Telemann and J.S. Bach.
      Bohuslav Matej Cernohorsky (1684 - 1742) was born in Nymburk. Little information survives about him, so his biography can only be reconstructed approximately. The same can be said of his compositions, of which, for all his renown, very few have been preserved. Among those that did are the excellent motet Laudetur Jesus Christus (A grandiose vocal fugue with organ accompaniment), Regina coeli a concert cantata, several pieces for organ, fugues and toccatas. An entire school of composers are connected with his name, which includes names like Seger, Zach and Tuma. 
      Josef Seger (1716 - 1782) was the author of excellent organ pieces and fugues along the lines of J.S. Bach, and fugues to the song Narodil se Kristus Pan Christ the Lord was born).
Important Composers
Adam Michna z Otradovic 1600 - 1676
Jan Dismas Zelenka 1679 - 1745
Bohuslav Matej Cernohorsky 1684 - 1742
Jan Zach 1699 - 1773
Frantisek Tuma 1704 - 1774
Josef Seger 1716 - 1782

By: L. Lisa Lawrence

      The scent of incense swirls around the darkened room. Two figures, their faces illuminated by a few flickering candles, stand in the darkness; they are discussing death. A hooded figure explains to a young woman that death is a transformation and release to those to whom it comes in its own time. Remembering the pain and suffering her grandmother felt in her last days, the woman understands. As she turns to thank to hooded figure and ask him his name, she discovers that he has disappeared. Almost inaudibly the phrase "We will meet again, when the time is right, and you won't be afraid" quietly echoes through the darkness. She stands alone in the chill of autumn, contemplating this lesson of Samhain.
      The silence in the room is broken by two a cappella voices, softly singing a haunting tune beckoning "Take me back, oh hills I love." Soon they are joined by more voices, and harmonies fill the room with music and words that welcome the embrace of the earth, oaks and stars and speak of death as a release and return to that which is comforting and sacred. As the melody floats through the air, the voices and energy building, no one in the room is unaffected. As the last note of the song fades away, the room is silent. Some are in deep thought; others have tears in their eyes, even the children who normally squirm and make noise are still.
      The mystery play described above, part of Gaia's Grove's Samhain ritual, was complimented and made more powerful by music. Moments like that happen rarely in large public rituals. In my experience, when they do, they are more likely to occur when there is music. Music need not be loud, fancy or even instrumental. Sometimes, a single voice in a cappella can be more powerful than the largest symphony orchestra.
      I learned the value of music in ritual nearly 20 years ago. I remember a Samhain ritual in Colorado where the priestess and those calling the quarters sang over a recording to cast the circle. I can't remember the actual song, but I do remember the energy that was raised and the sense of power I felt as their voices reached to the cold, starry sky.
      In my first year of facilitating events for Gaia's Grove, I began incorporating recorded music into our rituals. I found that when we dimmed the lights and processed with candles and incense around the circle to powerful music, the ritual participants were put in a different state of mind, separate from the mundane world and open to the energies of the elements, deities and magick that we would be working that night.
      Later, a group of friends and I formed a pagan chorus and began adding live singing to our rituals. Most of us were already in the habit of using song to raise energy and casting a circle by passing energy hand-to-hand around the circle without actually touching. We began gathering in a small circle inside the main circle, singing up the energy and then walking backward with it to draw it out over the larger circle. We took something that was specific to the tradition that many of us worked in -- casting the circle with "hot hands" -- and by adding the element of song, we created something powerful, meaningful and unique to Gaia's Grove rituals. One man, who had visited many rituals put on by many different groups, commented on how much stronger and more palpable our circle seemed compared to others he had seen cast in more traditional ways.
      Soon, I found that rather than looking for a song to fit a ritual, I couldn't even write the ritual until I found the music. Someone would come to me with a song to sing -- a lively piece of music for a spiral dance or a moody piece for a procession -- and visions of meditations, magickal workings and mystery plays would begin to fill my head. Music had become the inspiration and focus of the ritual, rather than an addition to it.
      Soon it became apparent that other ritualists wanted to take part in the singing, but they did not want to join a chorus and/or had limited time to rehearse. We tried an experiment in which we provided a recorded song that could be downloaded from a link on our Web page and had everyone who wanted to sing learn it from the recording before gathering as a group. Some who had been in the chorus balked at the idea, but others loved it. At the first and only rehearsal, everyone already knew the piece, and we just dressed it up by dividing it into parts and working out harmonies. We ended up with a fresh new group of enthusiastic singers, doing a difficult a capella piece that after only one practice sounded like we had been rehearsing for weeks. It was perhaps the most powerful song we have ever performed at one of our rituals. This will be the way that we handle singing in our rituals from now on. 
      The difficulty of trying to coordinate the schedules of two separate groups and the busy lives of the individuals involved is eliminated, and people who otherwise wouldn't get to sing and personally experience the power of making music in ritual get an opportunity to do so. Music, for me, plays an important role in magick, even when I'm not in a formal ritual setting. It is not just theater used to set the mood in a large group of people from very diverse backgrounds. It is a way of expressing honor and connecting to the nature spirits.
      Late last summer, I accompanied a Buddhist friend of mine to a lonely rock outcropping on a beach just South of Neah Bay on the Makah Indian Reservation. It was the anniversary of his mother's death. He had not visited the area since he was a boy, and he needed to do a ceremony for her. I left him on the rock where he used to watch sunsets with her as a child, to honor her spirit and his connection to that place and the memories it held for him.
      As his chanting filled the air, I walked down the beach to give him privacy and to do my own ritual. Once I had walked far enough that the only thing I could hear was the cold wind blowing and the waves of the Pacific Ocean crashing on the shore, I found a spot under an ancient tree growing out of the rocks, gnarled and twisted from surviving generations of storms. I sat down and contemplated what my own impromptu ritual would be.
      I became aware of the musical quality of the wind, the waves and the birds flying overhead. I felt the rhythm of the tree I was sitting under and began noticing patterns in the sand and stone. Other rhythms emerged from the sounds of nature and created a symphony that the elementals danced to. I sat for a moment, allowing the music to fill my head and my soul. I began to sing, not only a circle casting and invocation, but my entire ritual. I felt a strong connection to the spirits of the land, and knew that I had experienced something so powerful that I wouldn't understand its full effects for some time.
      Later that afternoon, as we were enjoying a picnic lunch overlooking the Strait of Juan De Fuca, I felt a sense of great connection and peace. The place was already magickal, but my experience was made more powerful by connecting to the natural music that resided there.
      Perhaps music has always been important in my life, but I am just now beginning to understand how deeply ingrained it is. I never thought about it before. I never had any formal music training, and I managed to skate through my musical endeavors without learning to read music or having an education in music theory. I got by on the fact that I had a good ear and could reproduce pretty much any note I heard.
      As I sit back and take stock of my most important relationships, I see that most, if not all of the people who are important to me are singers and/or musicians. I have come to discover that several people I am close to or spend a great deal of time with have musical backgrounds that I was unaware of. It seems that unconsciously I have been drawing musical people into my life.
      Due to my hectic schedule, I have had to make some difficult choices as to where my musical practice time is best spent. Because our choir director at UUAT (Unitarian Universalist Association of Tacoma) is a music teacher, we work on music theory at every practice. In addition to singing, many people in the church and choir also play instruments, and we are encouraged to create and perform pieces on off Sundays when the choir doesn't perform. UUAT is where my current singing energies are focused. I have learned and progressed there in a way that was not possible just sitting around with a group of friends. Although formal music education is not necessary to enjoy or even make music, for me, learning some music theory has opened up many more opportunities and renewed my enthusiasm.
      Every year around the time of my birthday, just before Samhain, I challenge myself to do something new. In recent years, these challenges have included writing poetry, playing guitar, getting over my fear of singing solos in front of a crowd of people and running a marathon. This year, I decided that I was going to learn to play the violin. Back when I was teaching myself to play the guitar, I didn't have the passion for it. I learned a few chords, played a few songs, but didn't really stick with it. The guitar wasn't my passion. I realized that whenever I listened to a piece of Celtic or bluegrass music, I wasn't listening to and picking out the guitar, but the fiddle part. This year, I decided that I could whine about not having had the opportunity to play an instrument as a child or I could do something about it. Against all advice, I purchased a cheap violin. My partner gifted me with a series of lessons at a local music store, and off I went.
      Playing my passion was an entirely different experience than just listening to music, learning an instrument that I didn't feel drawn to, or even singing, which I love. After the first lesson, I actually made music come out of the instrument, and the notes and scales made sense in a way that guitar chords didn't. It was like someone or something shone a bright light, and it all made sense. It has heightened my excitement for singing, and I have even picked up my guitar again. I learned to read music in less than a week, and in only a month I have graduated from "Twinkle Twinkle Little Star" to "Ode to Joy." Soon, after I have acquired a good solid base in classical education, I will be ready to move into the realm of Celtic and bluegrass music and play my passion -- a joy that will be with me for the rest of my life.
      In the meantime, the fey and my guides (who one would think wouldn't care for the scratching and occasional bad notes that can come out of a beginner's violin) fill my tiny living room when I practice. I have not seen so many of them dancing since the days when my friends and I would gather to sing the in the greenbelt behind my former home. The energy in my apartment has increased and the nature spirits dance every day.
      A recommitment to music has brought sacredness not only into my rituals, but also into my daily life and home. Social, job and volunteer obligations as well as intense training for marathons can sap my time and energy; taking a break to make music recharges and brings me balance. When I reflect on the magick, energy and wonderful people that music has brought into my life, I am truly thankful.


 by: Richard Blackstone


Your spiritual growth reveals the secret that religion rarely talks about. “You are an eternal being.” Most spirituality information leads you to this conclusion because your spiritual quest is concerned with the interconnectedness of all things and religion is more concerned with its own particular dogma.

This is as it should be. This is just a natural consequence revealing itself. This is “what is so.” No need to get alarmed or panicked (unless you choose to). This is just the natural order of things asserting itself. It is nature at work. We, as human beings, have created everything that has ever happened to this paradise of a planet that we inherited by virtue of our choice to reside here. We created the pollution, the depletion of the ozone layer, the wars, the killing of millions of people, the god of money, the weapons of mass destruction, the extinction of thousands of animal and plant species and religions that teach us that we are all separate.

Now don't go feeling guilty or bad about this. This is neither right nor wrong. It is only “what is so.” Just like looking at a newborn baby is neither right nor wrong, it is only “what is so.”

This is “what is so” in the present moment of now and the present moment of now is the only thing that really exists in this physical universe.

The past is the past. The future is yet to be. We are wholly defined by the present moment of now. Say Amen.

Once again, our observations tell us that we seem to be at a crossroads in this never-ending process we call Life. We are coming to the end of one cycle in order to begin another cycle. All aspects of life in the physical universe run in cycles. Some might say they run in circles; never-ending eternal circles, or cycles, of life.

It has been well documented by our scientists that in seven years every cell of your body has been completely renewed. So, theoretically, we have a body that is never more than seven years old. This observation alone tells us that our bodies, just like every other aspect of life, run on cycles. If this is so, and it is, then we should actually never put a limit on our body's span of existence because life moves in cycles, not years, and you cannot limit a cycle.

Cycles have no real beginnings and they never have an ending. They are in the eternal process of fulfilling themselves, and at the same time they are in the eternal process of renewing themselves within the instrument through which it expresses. Your life does not end at seven nor does it ever end. Life is eternal. Life is a process. Life is a never-ending cycle that continually renews itself.

Here's the really good news. There is not a thing in existence that does not have life. There is nothing that is completely inert. Everything you can think of, from the rocks in your garden to the rocks in the garden on a planet twenty thousand light years away from us, has life.

That is why it is nice to step back and view life from a larger perspective every now and then. Like the old saying tells us, “you can't see the forest through the trees.” When you are focusing most of your attention on your own life and become immersed in the dramas and experiences that are important to you, you shrink your world of existence down to a small, narrow perspective. You limit yourself as to what you see and how you see it.

When you keep your attention focused on the minute details of your dramas, you allow yourself to live within this belief that you are separate from all people and things in this universe. As you separate yourself from everything that exists, in your mind, you are separating yourself from life.

All life exists everywhere, all the time. It's all cycling in a never-ending process of renewal. That is the true nature of how things work. If you know that, that is, if you have a true knowing of this through your experience, then you would never again think of yourself as separate because “a knowing eliminates doubt.”

Most people living on this planet today do not have this knowing. That is why most people live their lives through what they believe. Believing something to be true and knowing something to be true are two entirely different levels of awareness. That is why we are here on this planet called earth in this physical universe. Our purpose here is to experience life in all of its different perspectives in order for God to know, through our experiences, all that she knows of as concepts.

Go out and create the experience of understanding your true, authentic self. This knowing about your true self will serve you well in every decision you make in your life.

5 Different Ways To Meditate

Posted by Doly | 11:57 AM | | 0 comments »


 by: Trevor Johnson

There are many different ways to meditate. Each one is a different method with broadly the same end result. Check out these different meditation methods to see which suits you best.

Walking meditation
This is one of the easiest ways to meditate, although obviously it isn't as separate from the rest of the world as you need to be aware of your surroundings. With a walking meditation you pay attention to your feelings and your surroundings. Allow yourself 20 minutes or so and if possible choose a place where you're away from traffic. A local park is good. Then go for a gentle walk and take in the area. Notice the smells and sounds and pay attention to what you see.

Breathing meditation
At its simplest, you find a quiet place where you won't be disturbed and start to take deeper breaths than you'd normally take. Breathe in a long, slow, deep breath. If possible hold it for a second or two before releasing it, again slowly. Repeat this over again, at least 5 times and ideally more. You'll find that this is a quick way to bring about a more relaxed state in your body.

Binaural beats meditation
This is the "modern" way to meditate and is the method I personally use regularly. You can purchase this kind of meditation and then play it on your CD or MP3 player. You need to find a place where you won't be disturbed for the length of the track, which is typically 30 to 60 minutes. The track will play a background noise - usually rainfall or music - as well as binaural beats. These beats play two slightly different tones, one into each ear. Your brain then tries to resolve the small difference between the tones and it is this which brings out a meditative state with next to no effort on your part. This kind of meditation is very powerful - don't get taken in by its simplicity!

Cosmic meditation
Quite similar to the binaural beats meditation, this is usually linked to Cosmic Ordering which is a structured form of Napoleon Hill's ideas from Think and Grow Rich. A cosmic meditation usually takes the form of a guided meditation which will get you relaxed and then allow you to send your current wish or goals liston to the cosmos.

Guided meditation
There are many of these available on the internet. They usually last between 20 and 60 minutes. Typically a guided meditation will start with a relaxation procedure so that you're relaxed and receptive for the main part of the meditation. It will then move on to the actual aim of the meditation, whether this is deep relaxation, healing your body, contacting your higher self or any other goal you have chosen. You can choose a single guided meditation or they are often sold in bundles of several guided meditations.

Whichever way of meditation you decide to use, you'll find that it helps to relax you and relieve the stresses and strains that seem to accompany our modern lifestyle.

Death (1750) ( the end)

Posted by Doly | 2:09 PM | | 0 comments »

Bach's health may have been in decline in 1749, as on 2 June, Heinrich von Brühl wrote to one of the Leipzig burgomasters to request that his music director, Gottlob Harrer, immediately begin to audition someone to succeed to the Thomascantor and Director musices posts "upon the eventual... decease of Mr. Bach."[10] Bach became increasingly blind, and a celebrated British quack John Taylor (who had operated unsuccessfully on Handel) operated on Bach while visiting Leipzig in 1750. Bach died on 28 July 1750 at the age of 65. A contemporary newspaper reported the cause of death was "from the unhappy consequences of the very unsuccessful eye operation".[11] Some modern historians speculate the cause of death was a stroke complicated by pneumonia.[12][13][14] His estate was valued at 1159 Thalers and included 5 Clavecins, 2 Lute-Harpsichords, 3 violins, 3 violas, 2 cellos, a viola da gamba, a lute and a spinet, 52 "Sacred Books" (many by Martin Luther, Muller and Pfeiffer, also including Josephus' History of the Jews and 9 volumes of Wagner's Leipzig Song Book).[15] During his life he composed more than 1,000 works. At Leipzig, Bach seems to have maintained active relationships with several members of the faculty of the university. He enjoyed a particularly fruitful relationship with the poet Picander. Sebastian and Anna Magdalena welcomed friends, family, and fellow musicians from all over Germany into their home. Court musicians at Dresden and Berlin, and musicians including Georg Philipp Telemann (one of Emanuel's godfathers) made frequent visits to Bach's apartment and may have kept up frequent correspondence with him. Interestingly, George Frideric Handel, who was born in the same year as Bach in Halle, only 50 km from Leipzig, made several trips to Germany, but Bach was unable to meet him—a fact that Bach appears to have deeply regretted.[16]
Notes
1.  Wolff, Christoph (2000). Johann Sebastian Bach: The Learned Musician. W. W. Norton & Company, 41–43. ISBN 0-393-04825-X.
2.   {{http://www.classical.net /music/comp.lst/buxtehude.php.
3.   Mendel 1999, p. 43
4.  "The Face Of Bach (http://www.npj.com /thefaceofbach/09w624.html) ". Nathan P. Johansen. Retrieved on 2008-05-19.
5.   Mendel 1999, p. 80
6.   Wolff 1983, p. 98, 111
7.   Butt, John (1997-06-28). The Cambridge Companion to Bach. Cambridge University Press, 17–34. ISBN 0521587808.
8.  Wolff, Christoph (2000). Johann Sebastian Bach: The Learned Musician. W. W. Norton & Company, 341. ISBN 0-393-04825-X.
9. Towe, Teri Noel (2000-08-28). "The Inscrutable Volbach Portrait (http://www.npj.com /thefaceofbach/08w828.html) ". The Face of Bach. Retrieved on 2008-05-20.
10.  Wolff, Christoph (2000). Johann Sebastian Bach: The Learned Musician. W. W. Norton & Company, 442. ISBN 0-393-04825-X.

11.  Mendel 1999, p. 188

12. Breitenfeld, Tomislav; Solter, Vesna Vargek; Breitenfeld, Darko; Zavoreo, Iris; Demarin, Vida (2006-01-03). "Johann Sebastian Bach's Strokes" (PDF). Acta Clinica Croatica 45 (1). Sisters of Charity Hospital. Retrieved on 2008-05-20. 
13. Baer, Ka. (1956). "Johann Sebastian Bach (1685–1750) in medical history". Bulletin of the Medical Library Association 39 (206). Medical Library Association.

14. Breitenfeld, D.; Thaller, V; Breitenfeld, T; Golik-Gruber, V; Pogorevc, T; Zoričić, Z; Grubišić, F (2000). "The pathography of Bach's family". Alcoholism 36: 161–164. 
15.  Mendel 1999, pp. 191–97

16.  Mendel 1999, p. 407
References
  • Mendel, Arthur (1999-10-01), The New Bach Reader, W. W. Norton & Company, ISBN 0393319563.

  • Wolff, Christopher (1983), The New Grove: Bach Family, Papermac, ISBN 0333343506.

Leipzig (1723–50) (part 7)

Posted by Doly | 1:53 PM | | 0 comments »

Having spent much of the 1720s composing cantatas, Bach had assembled a huge repertoire of church music for Leipzig's two main churches. He now wished to broaden his composing and performing beyond the liturgy. In March 1729, he took over the directorship of the Collegium Musicum, a secular performance ensemble that had been started in 1701 by his old friend, the composer Georg Philipp Telemann. This was one of the dozens of private societies in the major Germanspeaking cities that had been established by musically active university students; these societies had come to play an increasingly important role in public musical life and were typically led by the most prominent professionals in a city. In the words of Christoph Wolff, assuming the directorship was a shrewd move that 'consolidated Bach's firm grip on Leipzig's principal musical institutions'.[8] During much of the year, Leipzig's Collegium Musicum gave twice-weekly, two-hour performances in Zimmerman's Coffeehouse on Catherine Street, just off the main market square. For this purpose, the proprietor provided a large hall and acquired several musical instruments. Many of Bach's works during the 1730s and 1740s were probably written for and performed by the Collegium Musicum; among these were almost certainly parts of the Clavier-Übung (Keyboard Practice) and many of the violin and harpsichord concertos.





During this period, he composed the Kyrie and Gloria of the Mass in B Minor, and in 1733, he presented the manuscript to the Elector of Saxony in an ultimately successful bid to persuade the monarch to appoint him as Royal Court Composer. He later extended this work into a full Mass, by adding a Credo, Sanctus and Agnus Dei, the music for which was almost wholly taken from some of the best of his cantata movements. Bach's appointment as court composer appears to have been part of his long-term struggle to achieve greater bargaining power with the Leipzig Council. Although the complete mass was probably never performed during the composer's lifetime, it is considered to be among the greatest choral works of all time. Between 1737 and 1739, Bach's former pupil Carl Gotthelf Gerlach took over the directorship of the Collegium Musicum.

In 1747, Bach went to the court of Frederick II of Prussia in Potsdam, where the king played a theme for Bach and challenged him to improvise a fugue based on his theme. Bach improvised a three-part fugue on Frederick's pianoforte, then a novelty, and later presented the king with a Musical Offering which consists of fugues, canons and a trio based on the "royal theme", nominated by the monarch. Its six-part fugue includes a slightly altered subject more suitable for extensive elaboration. The Art of Fugue, published posthumously but probably written years before Bach's death, is unfinished. It consists of 18 complex fugues and canons based on a simple theme. A magnum opus of thematic transformation and contrapuntal devices, this work is often cited as the summation of polyphonic techniques.

The final work Bach completed was a chorale prelude for organ, dictated to his son-in-law, Johann Altnikol, from his deathbed. Entitled Vor deinen Thron tret ich hiermit (Before thy throne I now appear); when the notes on the three staves of the final cadence are counted and mapped onto the Roman alphabet, the initials "JSB" are found. The chorale is often played after the unfinished 14th fugue to conclude performances of The Art of Fugue.

Leipzig (1723–50) (part 6)

Posted by Doly | 1:44 PM | | 0 comments »

In 1723, Bach was appointed Cantor of Thomasschule, adjacent to the Thomaskirche (St. Thomas' Lutheran Church) in Leipzig, as well as Director of Music in the principal churches in the town. This was a prestigious post in the leading mercantile city in Saxony, a neighbouring electorate to Thuringia. Apart from his brief tenures in Arnstadt and Mühlhausen, this was Bach's first government position in a career that had mainly involved service to the aristocracy. This final post, which he held for 27 years until his death, brought him into contact with the political machinations of his employer, the Leipzig Council. The Council comprised two factions: the Absolutists, loyal to the Saxon monarch in Dresden, Augustus the Strong; and the City-Estate faction, representing the interests of the mercantile class, the guilds and minor aristocrats. Bach was the nominee of the monarchists, in particular of the Mayor at the time, Gottlieb Lange, a lawyer who had earlier served in the Dresden court. 
      In return for agreeing to Bach's appointment, the City-Estate faction was granted control of the School, and Bach was required to make a number of compromises with respect to his working conditions.[7] Although it appears that no one on the Council doubted Bach's musical genius, there was continual tension between the Cantor, who regarded himself as the leader of church music in the city, and the City-Estate faction, which saw him as a schoolmaster and wanted to reduce the emphasis on elaborate music in both the School and the Churches. The Council never honoured Lange's promise at interview of a handsome salary of 1,000 talers a year, although it did provide Bach and his family with a smaller income and a good apartment at one end of the school building, which was renovated at great expense in 1732.
      Bach's job required him to instruct the students of the Thomasschule in singing and to provide weekly music at the two main churches in Leipzig, St. Thomas' and St Nicholas's. His post also obliged him to teach Latin, but he was allowed to employ a deputy to do this instead. In an astonishing burst of creativity, he wrote up to five annual cantata cycles during his first six years in Leipzig (two of which have apparently been lost). Most of these concerted works expound on the Gospel readings for every Sunday and feast day in the Lutheran year; many were written using traditional church hymns, such as Wachet auf! Ruft uns die Stimme and Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland, as inspiration.
      To rehearse and perform these works at St Thomas's Church, Bach probably sat at the harpsichord or stood in front of the choir on the lower gallery at the west end, his back to the congregation and the altar at the east end. He would have looked upwards to the organ that rose from a loft about four metres above. To the right of the organ in a side gallery would have been the winds, brass and timpani; to the left were the strings. The Council provided only about eight permanent instrumentalists, a source of continual friction with the Cantor, who had to recruit the rest of the 20 or so players required for medium-to-large scores from the University, the School and the public.
      The organ or harpsichord was probably played by the composer (when not standing to conduct), the in-house organist, or one of Bach's elder sons, Wilhelm Friedemann or Carl Philipp Emanuel. Bach drew the soprano and alto choristers from the School, and the tenors and basses from the School and elsewhere in Leipzig. Performing at weddings and funerals provided extra income for these groups; it was probably for this purpose, and for in-school training, that he wrote at least six motets, mostly for double choir. As part of his regular church work, he performed motets of the Venetian school and Germans such as Heinrich Schütz, which would have served as formal models for his own motets.
     

Cöthen (1717–23) (part 5)

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      Bach began once again to search out a more stable job that was conducive to his musical interests. Prince Leopold of Anhalt-Cöthen hired Bach to serve as his Kapellmeister (director of music). Prince Leopold, himself a musician, appreciated Bach's talents, paid him well, and gave him considerable latitude in composing and performing. However, the prince was Calvinist and did not use elaborate music in his worship; thus, most of Bach's work from this period was secular, including the Orchestral suites, the Six suites for solo cello and the Sonatas and partitas for solo violin. This photograph of the opening page of the first violin sonata shows the composer's handwriting—fast and efficient, but just as visually ornate as the music it encoded. 
      The  well-known Brandenburg concertos date from this period. On 7 July 1720, while Bach was abroad with Prince Leopold, tragedy struck: his wife, Maria Barbara, the mother of his first 7 children, died suddenly. The following year, the widower met Anna Magdalena Wilcke, a young, highly gifted soprano 17 years his junior, who performed at the court in Cöthen; they married on 3 December 1721. Together they had 13 more children, six of whom survived into adulthood: Gottfried Heinrich, Johann Christoph Friedrich and Johann Christian, all of whom became significant musicians; Elisabeth Juliane Friederica (1726–81), who married Bach's pupil Johann Christoph Altnikol; Johanna Carolina (1737–81); and Regina Susanna (1742–1809).[6]

Weimar (1708–17) (part 4)

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After barely a year at Mühlhausen, Bach left to become the court organist and concertmaster at the ducal court in Weimar, a far cry from his earlier position there as 'lackey'. The munificent salary on offer at the court and the prospect of working entirely with a large, well-funded contingent of professional musicians may have prompted the move. The family moved into an apartment just five minutes' walk from the ducal palace. In the following year, their first child was born and they were joined by Maria Barbara's elder, unmarried sister, who remained with them to assist in the running of the household until her death in 1729. It was in Weimar that the two musically significant sons were born—Wilhelm Friedemann and Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach.

      Bach's position in Weimar marked the start of a sustained period of composing keyboard and orchestral works, in which he had attained the technical proficiency and confidence to extend the prevailing large-scale structures and to synthesise influences from abroad. From the music of Italians such as Vivaldi, Corelli and Torelli, he learnt how to write dramatic openings and adopted their sunny dispositions, dynamic motorrhythms

and decisive harmonic schemes. Bach inducted himself into these stylistic aspects largely by transcribing for harpsichord and organ the ensemble concertos of Vivaldi; these works are still concert favourites. He may have picked up the idea of transcribing the latest fashionable Italian music from Prince Johann Ernst, one of his employers, who was a musician of professional calibre. In 1713, the Duke returned from a tour of the Low Countries with a large collection of scores, some of them possibly transcriptions of the latest fashionable Italian music by the blind organist Jan Jacob de Graaf. Bach was particularly attracted to the Italian solo-tutti structure, in which one or more solo instruments alternate section-by-section with the full orchestra throughout a movement.

      In Weimar, he had the opportunity to play and compose for the organ, and to perform a varied repertoire of concert music with the duke's ensemble. A master of contrapuntal technique, Bach's steady output of fugues began in Weimar. The largest single body of his fugal writing is Das wohltemperierte Clavier ("The well-tempered keyboard"—Clavier meaning keyboard instrument). It consists of two collections compiled in 1722 and 1744, each containing a prelude and fugue in every major and minor key. This is a monumental work for its masterful use of counterpoint and its exploration, for the first time, of the full range of keys–and the Friedemann; this contains traditional Lutheran chorales (hymn tunes), set in complex textures to assist the training of organists. The book illustrates two major themes in Bach's life: his dedication to teaching and his love of the chorale as a musical form. Bach eventually fell out of favour in Weimar and was, according to the court secretary's report, jailed for almost a month before being unfavourably dismissed:

“On November 6, [1717], the quondam concertmaster and organist Bach was confined to the County Judge's place of detention for too stubbornly forcing the issue of his dismissal and finally on December 2 was fmeans of expression made possible by their slight differences from each other—available to keyboardists when their instruments are tuned according to systems such as that of Andreas Werckmeister. During his tenure at Weimar, Bach started work on The little organ book for his eldest son, Wilhelm reed from arrest with notice of his unfavourable discharge.[5]"

     In January 1703, shortly after graduating, Bach took up a post as a court musician in the chapel of Duke Johann Ernst in Weimar, a large town in Thuringia. His role there is unclear, but appears to have included menial, non-musical duties. During his seven-month tenure at Weimar, his reputation as a keyboard player spread. He was invited to inspect and give the inaugural recital on the new organ at St. Boniface's Church in Arnstadt. The Bach family had close connections with this oldest town in Thuringia, about 180 km to the southwest of Weimar at the edge of the great forest.

     In August 1703, he accepted the post of organist at that church, with light duties, a relatively generous salary, and a fine new organ tuned to a modern system that allowed a wide range of keys to be used. At this time, Bach was embarking on the serious composition of organ preludes; these works, in the North German tradition of virtuosic, improvisatory preludes, already showed tight motivic control (where a single, short music idea is explored cogently throughout a movement). However, in these works the composer had yet to fully develop his powers of large-scale organisation and his contrapuntal technique (where two or more melodies interact simultaneously).

     Strong family connections and a musically enthusiastic employer failed to prevent tension between the young organist and the authorities after several years in the post. He was apparently dissatisfied with the standard of singers in the choir; more seriously, there was his unauthorised absence from Arnstadt for several months in 1705–06, when he visited the great master Dieterich Buxtehude and his Abendmusik in the northern city of Lübeck. This well-known incident in Bach's life involved his walking some 400 kilometres (250 mi) each way to spend time with the man he probably regarded as the father figure of German organists. The trip reinforced Buxtehude's style as a foundation for Bach's earlier works, and that he overstayed his planned visit by several months suggests that his time with the old man was of great value to his art. According to legend, both Bach and George Frederic Handel wanted to become amanuenses of Buxtehude, but neither wanted to marry his daughter, as that was a condition for the position.[2] According to minutes from the proceedings of the Arnstadt consistory in August 1705, Bach was involved in a brawl in Arnstadt:

“ Johann Sebastian Bach, organist here at the New Church, appeared and stated that, as he walked home yesterday, fairly late night ... six students were sitting on the "Langenstein" (Long Stone), and as he passed the town hall, the student Geyersbach went after him with a stick, calling him to account: Why had he [Bach] made abusive remarks about him? He [Bach] answered that he had made no abusive remarks about him, and that no one could prove it, for he had gone his way very quietly. Geyersbach retorted that while he [Bach] might not have maligned him, he had maligned his bassoon at some time, and whoever insulted his belongings insulted him as well ... [Geyersbach] had at once struck out at him. Since he had not been prepared for this, he had been about to draw his dagger, but Geyersbach had fallen into his arms, and the two of them tumbled about until the rest of the students ... had rushed toward them and separated them.[3] ”

     Despite his comfortable position in Arnstadt, by 1706 Bach appeared to have realised that he needed to escape from the family milieu and move on to further his career. He was offered a more lucrative post as organist at St. Blasius's in Mühlhausen, a large and important city to the north. The following year, he took up this senior post with significantly improved pay and conditions, including a good choir. Four months after arriving at Mühlhausen, he married his second cousin from Arnstadt, Maria Barbara Bach. They had seven children, four of whom survived to adulthood. Two of them—Wilhelm Friedemann Bach and Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach—became important composers in the ornate Rococo style that followed the Baroque.

The church and city government at Mühlhausen must have been proud of their new musical director. They readily agreed to his plan for an expensive renovation of the organ at St. Blasius's, and were so delighted at the elaborate, festive cantata he wrote for the inauguration of the new council in 1708—God is my king BWV 71, clearly in the style of Buxtehude—that they paid handsomely for its publication, and twice in later years had the composer return to conduct it. However, that same year, Bach was offered a better position in Weimar.



Johann Sebastian Bach was born in Eisenach, Saxe-Eisenach. He was the youngest child of Johann Ambrosius Bach, an organist at St. George's Church, and Maria ElisabethaLämmerhirt Bach. His father taught him to play violin and harpsichord. His uncles were allprofessional musicians, whose posts ranged from church organists and court chambermusicians to composers. One uncle, Johann Christoph Bach (1645–93), was especiallyfamous and introduced him to the art of organ playing. Bach was proud of his family'smusical achievements, and around 1735 he drafted a genealogy, "Origin of the musicalBach family", printed in translation in The Bach Reader (ISBN 0393002594).Bach's mother died in 1694, and his father eight months later. The 10-year-old orphanmoved in with his oldest brother, Johann Christoph Bach (1671–1721), the organist at theMichaeliskirche in nearby Ohrdruf. There, he copied, studied and performed music, andapparently received valuable teaching from his brother, who instructed him on theclavichord. J.C. Bach exposed him to the works of the great South German composers of the day, such as Johann Pachelbel (under whom Johann Christoph had studied) and Johann Jakob Froberger; possibly to the music of North German composers, to Frenchmen, such as Jean-Baptiste Lully, Louis Marchand, Marin Marais; and to the Italianclavierist Girolamo Frescobaldi. The young Bach probably witnessed and assisted in the maintenance of  he organmusic. 
      Bach's obituary indicates that he copied music out of Johann Christoph's scores, but his brother had apparentlyforbidden him to do so, possibly because scores were valuable and private commodities at the time.At the age of 14, Bach, along with his older school friend George Erdmann, was awarded a choral scholarship to studyat the prestigious St. Michael's School in Lüneburg, not far from the northern seaport of Hamburg, one of the largestcities in the Holy Roman Empire.[1] This involved a long journey with his friend, probably undertaken partly on footand partly by coach. His two years there appear to have been critical in exposing him to a wider palette of Europeanculture than he would have experienced in Thuringia. 
      In addition to singing in the a cappella choir, it is likely that heplayed the School's three-manual organ and its harpsichords. He probably learned French and Italian, and received athorough grounding in theology, Latin, history, geography, and physics. He would have come into contact with sons ofnoblemen from northern Germany sent to the highly selective school to prepare for careers in diplomacy, government,and the military.Although little supporting historical evidence exists at this time, it is almost certain that while in Lüneburg, young Bachwould have visited Johanniskirche (Church of St. John) and heard (and possibly played) the church's famous organ(built in 1549 by Jasper Johannsen and nicknamed the "Böhm organ" after its most prominent master), an instrumentwhose sonic capabilities could well have been the inspiration for the mighty Toccata and Fugue in D minor. 
      Given hisinnate musical talent, Bach would have had significant contact with prominent organists of the day in Lüneburg, mostnotably Georg Böhm (the organist at Johanniskirche) as well as organists in nearby Hamburg, such as Johann AdamReincken. Through contact with these musicians, Bach probably gained access to the largest and finest instruments hehad played thus far. It is likely that during this stage he became acquainted with the music of the German organschools, especially the work of Dieterich Buxtehude, and with music manuscripts and treatises on music theory thatwere in the possession of these musicians.

In this post i'll try to give a knowledge about all the famous composers in the world. They are: Bach, Chopin, debussy, Mozart, Beethoven, and Paganini. lets we find out....




Johann Sebastian Bach (pronounced [joˈhan/ˈjoəhan zeˈbastjan ˈbax]) (31 March [O.S.21 March] 1685 – 28 July 1750) was a German composer and organist whose sacredand secular works for choir, orchestra, and solo instruments drew together the strandsof the Baroque period and brought it to its ultimate maturity. Although he introducedno new forms, he enriched the prevailing German style with a robust contrapuntaltechnique, an unrivalled control of harmonic and motivic organisation in compositionfor diverse musical forces, and the adaptation of rhythms and textures from abroad,particularly Italy and France.Revered for their intellectual depth and technical and artistic beauty, Bach's worksinclude the Brandenburg concertos; the Goldberg Variations; the English Suites,French Suites, Partitas, and Well-Tempered Clavier; the Mass in B Minor; the St.Matthew Passion; the St. John Passion; The Musical Offering; The Art of Fugue; theSonatas and Partitas for violin solo; the Cello Suites; more than 200 survivingcantatas; and a similar number of organ works, including the celebrated Toccata andFugue in D Minor.While Bach's fame as an organist was great during his lifetime, he was not particularly well-known as a composer. Hisadherence to Baroque forms and contrapuntal style was considered "old-fashioned" by his contemporaries, especiallylate in his career when the musical fashion tended towards Rococo and later Classical styles. A revival of interest andperformances of his music began early in the 19th century, and he is now widely considered to be one of the greatest composers in the Western tradition. Tobe continued.......


Scales

Posted by Doly | 4:52 AM | | 1 comments »

by: Fillamenta, N

From the earliest times, theorists have abstracted the tones used in a musical composition and placed them on a staff in order to study them. The tones are arranged in ascending stepwise order from the keynote.

We will begin with the three most useful types of scale, chromatic, major, and minor, since these have the greatest use in eighteenth and nineteenth-century music. Later we will discuss the medieval modal scales and some others, such as whole-tone, pentatonic, and symmetrical scales.

The nonselective scale, which contain all of the possible tones in equal temperament, is called the chromatic scale (or sometimes the twelve-tone or duodecuple scale). Today it is usually notated in sharps ascending, and in falts descending.

The most used selective scale for music of the last three hundred years is called the major scale. In this scale, half steps occur between the third and fourth and between the seventh and eighth degrees; between all other degrees there is a whole step.

The next most useful scale, the minor scale, has three forms, that is, a basic pattern of whole and half steps and two variations of this pattern.

The natural minor scale was derived from the Aeolian mode (which is discussed bellow). In it, half steps occur between the second and third (B-C) and between the fifth and sixth (E-F) degrees.

In practical composition it was customary to raise the seventh degree of this sscale to strengthen cadential points; the produced the harmonic form of the minor scale. In it, half steps occur between the second and third (B-C), the fifth and sixth (E-F), and the seventh and eighth steps (G#-A). One and a half steps (augmented second) occur betwee the sixth and seventh (F-G#) degrees.

In order to avoid the awkward interval between the sixth and seventh degrees of this scale, another adjustment was often made, particulary in vocal music. The melodic minor scale raises both the sixth and seventh (F#_G#) degrees in its ascending form; the descending form of the melodic minor scale revers to the form of the natural minor. In it, half steps occur between the second and third (B-C) and between the seventh and eighth (G-A’)degrees ascending, and it reverts to the natural minor scale descending.

by: Nigel Rowles

Intervals are the fundamental building blocks of music allowing us to read and write music, and most importantly, to help us construct chords and harmonies. However words like major, minor, augmented, diminished, enharmonic and compound leave many people a bit confused, hopefully this article will throw some light on the subject.

The ‘distance’ between two notes is known as an interval. This is the difference in pitch between two notes. The size or amount of distance is measured numerically.

If we consider the C scale there are 8 notes; C D E F G A B C numbered from 1 through to 8. As an example the interval from C to G is a 5th as G is 5 notes above C. The interval from C to F is a 4th as F is 4 notes above C.

All intervals are measured from the first note of the scale. These intervals are given a name as well as a numeric value and in order of progression they are: C-D is a major 2nd, C-E is a major 3rd, C-F is a perfect 4th, C-G is a perfect 5th, C-A major 6th, C-B major 7 and finally C-C is a perfect octave.

The intervals that are perfect are so called because they have a certain purity about them that comes from the overtones and upper-partials that are contained within them (these will be explained in another article)

Intervals can be raised or lowered by a half-step/semitone. If a major interval is chromatically reduced by a half-step it becomes a minor interval e.g. C-E is a major 3rd, if it is lowered by a half-step (from C-Eb) the interval becomes a minor 3rd.

If a perfect interval is chromatically reduced by a half-step it becomes a diminished interval i.e. a perfect 4th lowered by a half-step becomes a diminished 4th.

If major or perfect intervals are raised by a half-step then they become an augmented interval i.e. a perfect 5th would become an augmented 5th.

Compound intervals are those that extend into the 2nd octave. C to D (in the next octave) is called either a major 9th or a compound major 2nd. C to F (next octave) is a perfect 11th or a compound perfect 4th.

Enharmonic intervals are those that differ in name but not pitch, for example C-G# is an augmented 5th and C-Ab is a minor 6th.

When intervals are inverted they reverse the relative position of the notes. C-G (perfect 5th) becomes G-C which is a perfect 4th, a 3rd would become a 6th. Perfect intervals when inverted remain perfect e.g. C-G being a perfect 5th would become a perfect 4th when inverted, a major becomes minor, minor becomes major, diminished becomes augmented and augmented becomes diminished.

These rules apply to all scales.

by: Steve Leedy

Home computer music recording has become extremely popular, both as a hobby and as a legitimate means of live recording and mixing. For the serious musician or recording technician, the computer/software combination offers ease of use and lower cost, and it requires less space than traditional methods of recording.

Recording can be accomplished by using a "mixing board" to pre-mix multiple signals with their corresponding analog effects (if desired) before sending them to the computer, or each "plain" signal can be recorded independently to its own track through a computer audio interface, software effects applied, and the individual tracks then mixed together.

Using a mixer and analog effects, one could conceivably record without the benefit of multiple tracks, resulting in the need for less expensive, more simplistic software. For much greater control and a more polished sound, a quality multitrack software with effects is preferred.

Although more difficult to learn and use, multitrack software provides many more options for the user. The cost for quality multitrack recording software can range from $40 to several hundred dollars. Don't let the low prices fool you though, many a great recording has been made with shareware recording software.

If you aren't experienced in multitrack recording, purchasing at the low end of the spectrum makes sense. It's best to choose a product that will accept plug-ins, though. Plug-ins are small pieces of software that provide various functions (typically effects) that can be installed into the multitrack software, providing greater flexibility to the sound engineer. Several companies produce audio software plug-ins of the vst or directx variety that will work with even low cost software. A number of the plug-ins are actually offered free of charge.

For the more serious enthusiast, the computer (pc) should contain at least a Pentium 4 or Athlon 64 processor, 200gb, 7200 rpm IDE or Serial ATA hard drive, 1 gigabyte of dram, a good video card, and a high quality sound card. Any on-board video should be disabled in the cmos setup and a quality graphics card with at least 64mb ram installed.

A flat panel monitor with a 19" screen is preferred over a crt. With the large viewing area, the video resolution can be set at 1280 x 1024, enabling more of the audio recording software to be viewed on the screen at one time.

On-board audio (if available) should also be disabled and a high quality sound card installed into the computer. Also, invest in a pair of quality, amplified, near-field monitors. These speakers are designed specifically for music recording. Remember, if you're serious about your recordings, you'll want the music to be reproduced as realistically as possible.

A computer audio interface of some sort is a real necessity. It should have 1/4" inputs for instruments such as electric guitars or keyboards, as well as XLR inputs for microphones. 48v phantom power should be avaiable for condensor mics, as well. A mixer could even be plugged into the audio interface if more flexibility is needed.

More and more, musicians are realizing the high quality and low costs associated with producing their own recordings, while those interested in the technical side of recording can see the increased benefits of digital recording, mixing and mastering.